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:'' This article is about Afghan immigrants in Pakistan. Not to be confused with the Pashtuns of Pakistan.'' Afghans in Pakistan ((ウルドゥー語: افغان مهاجرين ), ''Afghan Muhajreen'') are refugees who have fled wars in Afghanistan.〔 It also includes smaller number of asylum seekers waiting to be settled in Western countries,〔 as well as Afghan diplomats, traders, businesspersons, workers, exchanged students, tourists and other visitors. The first wave of Afghan migration into Pakistan began during the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan. As of December 2012, approximately 1.7 million Afghan nationals were reported to be living in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and northwestern Balochistan, which sit next to Afghanistan.〔 Most of these refugees were born and raised in Pakistan in the previous 30 years but are still counted as citizens of Afghanistan. They are under the protection and care of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and provided legal status by the Government of Pakistan to remain in the country indefinitely.〔 The overwhelming majority of Afghans in Pakistan are ethnic Pashtun tribes who are known to live and work on both sides of the Afghanistan–Pakistan border, but there are also significant numbers of Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Baloch, Turkmen and other ethnic groups of Afghanistan.〔 Over the years governmental control on refugees has resulted in numerous returnees.〔(IRIN Asia | PAKISTAN: UN cautions on Afghan refugee camp closures | Pakistan | Migration | Refugees/IDPs )〕 As of March 2012, Pakistan has banned extension of visas to all foreigners, including Afghans.〔 ==History and migration== Dynasties, especially from the time of the Ghaznavids of Ghazni, and nomad people from modern-day Afghanistan have been migrating to the South Asia (modern-day Pakistan and India) for centuries. Before the mid-19th century, parts of Afghanistan and present-day Pakistan were part of the Durrani Empire and ruled by a successive line of Pashtun kings who had their capitals in the Afghan cities of Kandahar and Kabul. In 1857, in his review of J.W. Kaye's ''The Afghan War'', Friedrich Engels describes "Afghanistan" as: Thus, interaction and migration between the native people in this region was common. After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the Durand Line was established in the late 1800s for fixing the limits of sphere of influence between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan. When Pakistan inherited this single-page agreement in 1947, which was basically to end political interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and what was then colonial British India, it divided the indigenous ethnic Pashtun and Baloch tribes. During the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan, a large number of Afghans began leaving their country. As a result of political unrest, mass arrests and executions, and other human rights violations, as well as the civil war, around 3 million Afghan refugees escaped to Pakistan and about 2 million to Iran (see Afghans in Iran). The migration began after December 1979 when the former Soviet Union (USSR) invaded Afghanistan with over 100,000 troops and continued throughout the 1980s. In late 1988, approximately 3.3 million Afghan refugees were housed in 340 refugee camps along the Afghan-Pakistan border in what is now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. It was reported by the New York Times in November 1988 that about 100,000 of the refugees were living in the city of Peshawar while more than 2 million were staying in the whole of KP, which was referred to as NWFP at the time. Located on the outskirts of Peshawar, the now-closed Jalozai camp was one of the largest refugee camps in NWFP. According to one researcher, who writes that these refugees were: (1) Those "who came from politically prominent and wealthy families with personal and business assets outside Afghanistan; (2) a small group who arrived with the assets that they could bring with them such as trucks, cars and limited funds and which has done relatively well in Pakistan integrating into the new society and engaging successfully in commerce; (3) those refugees who came from the ranks of the well-educated and include professionals such as doctors, engineers anld teachers; (4) Refugees who escaped with household goods and herds of sheep, cattle and yaks but for the most part must be helped to maintain themselves; (5) the fifth and the largest group constituting about 60 per cent of the refugees are ordinary Afghans who arrived with nothing and are largely dependent on Pakistan and international efforts for subsistence."〔 After the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States, when the U.S.-led forces began bombing al-Qaeda and Taliban targets inside Afghanistan, a small number of Afghans fled their country and crossed into Pakistan. This included mostly foreign militant groups (al-Qaida), local Taliban members and some ordinary Afghans who feared that they may end up being bombed by mistake. By the end of 2001, there were a total of approximately 5 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan, which included the ones who were born inside Pakistan during the past 20 years. The Afghan diaspora in Pakistan formed the largest group of Afghans living outside their country at the time.〔(Afghanistan Crisis: Regional Implications and Impact on Pakistan's Polity )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afghans in Pakistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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